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单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的现状分析

2015年02月11日 6760人阅读 返回文章列表

【摘要】:胆管损伤(bile duct injury,BDI)是单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Single-Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,SILC)中少见而严重的并发症,对患者的身体健康构成了巨大威胁,需要引起我们足够的重视。术者的经验不足及技术不熟练、操作不当,患者的解剖变异和病理状态是其发生的主要原因。术者接受正规的培训、术中操作的规范性及辅助影像设备的应用可有效预防BDI的发生。

【关键词】:胆管损伤;单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术;预防

Analysis of the current status of bile duct injury during Single-Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy XIU Peng,LI Ke-wei.Department of General Surgery,Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200127,China

【Abstract】:Bile duct injury(BDI) is a rare but serious complication of Single-Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy(SILC),which poses a great threat to the patients" health,should attract our enough attention.Lack of experience,the unskilled operation,variation of anatomy and pathological status of patients are the main reasons of its occurrence. Surgeons receiving formal training, standardization of operation and application of imaging equipment can effectively prevent the occurrence of BDI.

【Keywords】:  bile duct injury·Single-Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy·prevention                 

       单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术被认为是治疗胆囊良性疾病可行的方法,能够改善患者术后生活质量和减少术后疼痛[1, 2],并且术后无明显疤痕。但是其技术的规范化、安全性及是否真正有益于患者还需要长期的评估,BDI是其主要并发症之一。Joseph等人所做的一项针对2626例SILC的最新研究显示,SILC中BDI的发生率为0.72%[3],而医学界公认的LC(Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC)的BDI发生率大约为0.1-0.4%[4, 5]。

1.BDI的原因

1.1解剖变异

       Larobina等的研究显示[6],肝外胆道系统解剖异常普遍存在。Filippo等人对350名患者的MRCP结果分析显示8.8%的患者有肝外胆管的解剖变异[7]。胆道解剖变异是胆道外科手术中常报道的引起BDI的危险因素。最多见的有:胆囊管汇入右肝管,胆囊管粗短,胆囊管汇入胆总管左缘等。  

1.2患者的病理状态

       Georgiades等人的研究结果表明[8],炎症是LC中BDI发生的一个独立的预测值。因此,当术中发现炎症严重时应及时中转为开腹手术。Merchant等人[9]报告了两例急性胆囊炎施行SILC的患者,他们发现对急性胆囊炎患者施行的SILC相对挑战性更大,并且需要更长的手术时间。Philipp等人[10]也建议没有必要冒风险对急性胆囊炎患者行SILC,LC会更安全。

其他因素有Calot三角慢性炎症伴致密瘢痕,纤维化萎缩,入口区域脂肪沉积等[11]。

1.3术者培训及经验

       早期报告中术者在最初的操作过程中缺乏经验导致高比例的BDI,被称作“学习曲线”效应[12, 13]。Han等人报告了5名外科医生操作的150例SILC,每名外科医生的平均学习曲线过程是8.5例,总体的并发症发生率高达10%,其中BDI的发生率高达1.4%[14]。Feinberg等[15]的研究显示外科医生成功完成SILC的学习曲线大概是在25例之后,此外,在最先的10例SILC之后中转为常规LC的比例明显下降。

1.4技术因素

       最严重的损伤是由错误的判断引起的[16]。主要有两种类型的误判:A把胆总管误判为胆囊管,并且进行了夹闭和分离。在随后的解剖中必须再次分离胆管以便完成胆囊切除。B变异的右肝管的损伤。如果变异的右肝管段在胆囊管的入口和其与肝总管的交汇处,易被认为是胆囊管。误判的部分被切断。为了便于移除胆囊,必须再把变异的肝管在更高的水平再切断一次。

       用电刀灼烧去除病灶可能对胆管或周围组织结构造成热损伤。当存在严重的炎症时烧灼伤也很容易出现,因为这种情况下很容易导致过度使用高烧灼设置来进行止血。烧灼的滥用可能导致非常严重的胆管损伤,可使导管组织热坏死[17, 18]。

2. SILC致BDI的主要类型

       Joseph等[3]的研究显示SILC所致的19例BDI中有11例(58%)是Strasberg A型,另外C型有2例,B型、D型和E2型各1例,其它3例分型不清。Hirano等人[19]和Kuon等人[20]分别报告1例右肝管损伤;Han等[14]报道了2例BDI,分别是Strasberg C型和Strasberg E2型;Chiruvella等[21]报道了1例Bismuth3型BDI;Hernandez等[22]报道1例Bismuth-Strasberg E1型BDI。有关胆管损伤的具体类型描述的文献较少,还有待以后更多更详细的数据更新。

3.预防

3.1正规的培训和学习。

       Pucher等人[23]通过临床的一系列手术实例和实验数据的研究揭示了单孔腹腔镜手术(Single incision laparoscopic surgery,SILS)的独特性,目前的腹腔镜经验并不能满足SILC对操作技能和人体工程学的要求。一些研究已经报告,术者最初施行SILS时并发症的出现比率更高,为了避免这种情况重复发生,应该实行以证据和能力为基础的SILS学习,以确保对未来SILS外科医生的合理的培训。

       Lewis等[24]的研究证明过往的腹腔镜手术经验能够提高单孔外科手术操作的技术水平。但是某些单孔手术由于其复杂性所以这方面表现的不是很明显。这也就预示着当前的腹腔镜技术培训于单孔手术的学习而言还是不够的。腹腔镜外科医生应该知道SILC和传统LC的技术差异,可以应用模拟器,比如专业微创外科手术(Professional Minimal Invasive Surgery,ProMIS)模拟系统,利用这项新技术为进入手术室工作做准备。Alevizos等人[25]的研究显示以往有腹腔镜操作经验的外科医生在单孔腹腔镜的操作中并不一定有优势,甚至连经验丰富的外科医生的学习过程可能比预期的还长。

3.2规范的术中操作。

       损伤的预防主要依赖于对外科手术中解剖的认识的准确性[15]。坚持仔细解剖和认真辨别的原则是安全的完成胆囊切除术的关键。

       在1995年,Strasberg等介绍了一种“critical view of safety”[26](关键安全视野)技术。这项技术中,Calot 三角的脂肪和纤维组织被清除,经过这样的操作后只有胆囊管和胆囊动脉连接于胆囊的低端,胆囊依附于肝床的最低的部分暴露出来。Eikermann等对没有完成“critical view of safety”(关键安全视野)操作的外科医生提出以下建议[27]:1.重新审视解剖的标志 2.继续进行使胆囊体离开肝床的进一步解剖 3.重新向更靠近漏斗部探查Calot三角,力图完成“critical view”(关键视野) 4.术中胆道造影或者腹腔镜超声的应用5.考虑逆行解剖 6.假如有大的瘢痕和解剖较困难时考虑胆囊大部切除术。 6.考虑中转开腹。

       随着SILC的发展,其安全性和副作用有待观察,因为这项新技术没有确定的学习曲线。在SILC实施的初期,必要时应及时中转为传统LC,以确保操作的安全性[21]。

       另外,一些手术操作技术的改进可能使手术操作更加安全有效,从而达到减少并发症的效果。Ross等人在SILC中像传统腹腔镜一样使用四个套管[28]:将5mm的可调弯腹腔镜放在8点钟位置,手术刚性长抓手放在4点钟方向(用来抓取底部),刚性的弯曲抓手放置在2点钟位置(用来抓取漏斗部),术者通过10点钟位置用解剖器械进行操作。这样的器械排列能够优化手术视野以降低器械误伤,可让胆囊在头向和横(侧)向的方向回缩,开放了一个在胆囊和肝脏之间解剖胆囊管和动脉“critical view”(关键视野)的视窗,为手术区域提供了极佳的视野。

3.3手术前及手术中影像学的应用

       Bahram等[29]的研究显示,施行LC前应用术前磁共振胰胆管造影(Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography, MRCP)能够明显降低术后并发症的发生率,因其能够使结石的残留率降低约4%,并且通过发现患者的先天性解剖异常可能有助于降低胆总管损伤的风险,然而,它的常规应用还是有争议的,需要未来更多的研究。

       有研究显示SILC术中常规应用术中胆管造影(Intraoperative cholangiography,IOC)是可行的,对发现和处理胆管结石及获取精确的胆管解剖图像是很有帮助的[30, 31]。但是目前没有有力的证据能够表明IOC可以有效预防BDI。Giger等人的研究中在LC中频繁的应用IOC并没有使BDI的发生率降低[32]。因此,一些学者的研究建议选择性使用IOC[32, 33]。近年有学者开始倾向使用腹腔镜下超声检查(laparoscopic ultrasonography,LUS),认为其有不需要置管,操作简单的优点[34]。Biffl等人发现[33],LC术中应用LUS时,手术并发症(胆总管损伤、胆汁瘘、胆总管结石残留)的发生率显著降低,在急性胆囊炎的病例中应用LUS辅助解剖时手术成功率较高。LUS通过明确解剖结构和降低BDI发生率提高了LC的安全性[35]。

4.小结

       尽管SILC是可行的,但是要选择性还是常规应用要取决于其是否比LC具有更明显的优势。BDI是其主要的且极其严重的并发症之一,我们相信,做好BDI的预防工作、从源头遏制其发生,于其治疗而言更有益于患者。随着培训制度的完善,术中严谨性的提高以及手术辅助设备的更新,BDI的发生率会大大降低,并且在科技的创新下,更多的新技术新方法也有待于开发。

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